The arrival of Europeans in the nineteenth century also meant the arrival of muskets to New Zealand. The weapons were used in a series of battles between Māori tribes, mostly between 1818 and 1845, to gain territory or seek Utu, (reciprocation and revenge) for past defeats and grievances.
Christianity also spread rapidly among Māori during this time. The concept of forgiveness often challenged the custom and tikanga of Utu.
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